覆盖栽培模式对冬小麦花后旗叶 光合特性及产量的影响

为探究旱地小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培增产的光合特性和干物质积累转运的特征，在甘肃省半干旱雨养农业区以“陇中2号”为材料，研究了秸秆带状覆盖栽培（BS）、地膜覆盖栽培 （PF）和无覆盖露地栽培（CK）3种栽培模式下冬小麦花后旗叶光合特征、叶绿素荧光动力参数、干物质积累转运及产量的差异。结果表明：与CK相比，BS和PF显著提高了花后旗叶光合势、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比率，且BS在生育后期优于PF。BS整个生育期的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于CK，而PF仅生育前期发挥正效应，生育中、后期出现了负效应。BS生育前中期胞间CO₂浓度、生育中后期旗叶瞬时水分利用效率均高于PF和CK，前者分别高出2.8%~8.2%和6.7%~11.3%，后者分别高出30.3%~44.8%和27.5%~39.3%。PF在灌浆中期以前，BS在整个花后生育期显著提高了小麦花后旗叶F_v/F_m、F′_v/F′_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR，降低了NPQ。BS较PF和CK显著提高了花后干物质输入籽粒量和对籽粒粒重的贡献率，2个指标分别增加2.6%、1.0%和14.2%、8.6%。BS显著增加了单位面积穗数，提高了产量，较CK增产35.4%。说明秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善旱地冬小麦花后光合效率，促进干物质积累转运，从而达到增产的效果。     

氮素用量对设施韭菜气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究不同氮素用量对设施韭菜气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】以1年生韭菜作为材料,通过U₁(CK,0)、U₂9.2 kg/(667m²·y)、U₃18.4 kg/(667m²·y)、U₄27.6 kg/(667m²·y)、U₅36.8 kg/(667m²·y)、U₆46.0 kg/(667m²·y)、U₇55.2 kg/(667m²·y)、U₈64.4 kg/(667m²·y)8个处理,测定气体交换参数(净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度)、叶绿素荧光动力学参数(光下稳态荧光、电子传递速率、光适应下PSII反应中心激发能捕获效率、CO₂同化的量子效率、非光化学淬灭系数和光化学淬灭系数)。【结果】韭菜叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光动力学参数均随着氮素浓度的增加均表现出先增加后减少的趋势,光合参数的最施氮素用量为13.40~33.73 kg/(667m²·y),叶绿素荧光参数的最施氮素用量在27.72~40.76 kg/(667m²·y)。【结论】综合光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数,宁夏地区设施韭菜氮素用量为27.72~33.73 kg/(667m²·y)(即尿素施用量为60.25~73.33 kg/(667m²·y)。     

考虑植株氮垂直分布的夏玉米营养诊断敏感位点筛选

探明夏玉米氮素营养生化指标(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶片氮含量和叶片氮积累量)与叶片SPAD值垂直分布特征及两者间定量回归关系,确立基于叶绿素仪的夏玉米氮营养无损诊断敏感叶位和叶片部位,以实现氮营养时空变化的快捷和精准监测。利用2018-2019年连续2季不同氮营养水平下夏玉米关键生育期主茎各叶位(顶1叶~顶12叶,TL1~TL12)和叶片部位(每张叶片从叶片基部开始根据叶片长度每20%分为1个测试区间) SPAD值及氮营养指标数据,研究基于偏最小二乘(partial least square, PLS)回归模型的夏玉米不同位点SPAD值与氮营养指标间关系,确定可稳定指示夏玉米氮营养空间异质性变化的敏感叶位及叶片部位。结果表明,不同叶位间夏玉米叶片SPAD值和氮营养指标于植株间分布均呈典型的"钟型"特征,至TL5或TL6时达至峰值。同一叶位不同部位间SPAD值由20%至100%位点时则逐步升高,且80%~100%位点间无显著差异(P>0.05)。PLS分析结果显示,夏玉米不同叶位SPAD值与氮营养指标间模型精度决定系数(coefficient of determination, R2)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)范围分别为0.693~0.821和1.425~2.744。不同测试位点R2和RPD值范围则分别为0.660~0.847和1.607~2.451,满足模型精确诊断需求。此后,基于PLS模型中各叶位和叶片部位无量纲评价指标变量重要性投影值(variable importance for projection,VIP),确定顶4叶(TL4)完展叶60%~80%区间为夏玉米氮营养诊断的敏感区域,VIP值均高于临界值1.40,预测效果较为理想。研究可为实现氮营养的高效、快捷诊断和精准施氮提供参考。     

60Co-γ辐射对大花紫薇叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探究60Co-γ射线辐射处理种子对大花紫薇生长发育中光合效率的影响,以大花紫薇种子为试验材料,以不同60Co-γ射线辐射剂量(0、20、60、100、140、180 Gy)进行辐射处理,测量不同处理生长发育过程中叶绿素及光合指标的变化,研究其对紫薇光合系统的影响。结果表明:20、60 Gy处理较对照和其他处理叶绿素质量分数更高,更有利于叶片进行光合作用;60、100 Gy处理较对照和其他处理潜在光合速率和最大光合效率更好;各时期光合性能指数与综合性能指数均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,但随时间的增加整体呈现下降的趋势,60 Gy较其他处理性能指数高。由此得出,60 Gy辐射处理有利于大花紫薇光合色素的产生与积累,较好的增加电子传递效率,有利于光合系统的运转和能量的积累。     

Effects of cerium on the antioxidant defence system in the petals and the contents of pigments in the calyces of Rosa chinensis Jacq. cut flower

To study the role of cerium (Ce) in regulating the vase life of Rosa chinensis Jacq. cut flowers, the effects of cerium nitrate (Ce(NO₃)₃) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the petals, and the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in the calyces were investigated. The results showed that Ce(NO₃)₃ evidently enhanced the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and evidently decreased the contents of MDA and H₂O₂ in the petals, compared with the control. Moreover, Ce(NO₃)₃ evidently increased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in the calyces. The results also showed that Ce(NO₃)₃ evidently increased the numbers of open flowers and decreased the numbers of wilted flowers. Our results suggest that Ce(NO₃)₃ extended the vase life of R. chinensis Jacq. cut flower by improving the antioxidant defence system in the petals and the contents of pigments in the calyces.     

Differences in Ion Accumulation and Salt Tolerance among Glycine Accessions

Salinity reduces crop yield by limiting water uptake and causing ion‐specific stress. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is sensitive to soil salinity. However, there is variability among soybean genotypes and wild relatives for salt tolerance, suggesting that genetic improvement may be possible. The objective of this study was to identify differences in salt tolerance based on ion accumulation in leaves, stems and roots among accessions of four Glycine species. Four NaCl treatments, 0, 50, 75 and 100 mm , were imposed on G. max, G. soja, G. tomentella and G. argyrea accessions with different levels of salinity tolerance. Tolerant genotypes had less leaf scorch and a greater capacity to prevent Na⁺ and Cl^? transport from soil solution to stems and leaves than sensitive genotypes. Magnitude of leaf injury per unit increase in leaf Na⁺ or Cl^? concentrations was lower in tolerant than in susceptible accessions. Also, plant injury was associated more with Na⁺ rather than with Cl^? concentration in leaves. Salt‐tolerant accessions had greater leaf chlorophyll‐meter readings than sensitive genotypes at all NaCl concentrations. Glycine argyrea and G. tomentella accessions possessed higher salt tolerance than G. soja and G. max genotypes.     

对-羟基苯甲酸对东北山樱桃叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以东北山樱桃(Cerasus sachalinensis Kom.)实生幼苗为试材,利用Hansatch PEA,采用叶绿素荧光诱导动力学理论和JIP-test数据分析方法,研究了对-羟基苯甲酸对叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:幼苗在不同浓度对-羟基苯甲酸(0.1A、1A、10A)处理下的叶片光合性能指数(PIABS)、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中QA-下游的其他电子受体的概率(Ψo)、用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)和单位面积有活性的反应中心数目(RC/CSm)较对照均有所下降;PSⅡ最大量子效率(φPo)、单位面积有活性的反应中心数目(RC/CS0)几乎没有变化;而PSⅡ受体侧的电子受体库容量(Sm)则高于对照,且呈"上升-下降"趋势。天线色素吸收的能量(ABS/RC)在低浓度下有小幅升高,反应中心捕获的能量(TRo/RC)、用于电子传递的能量(ETo/RC)及用于热耗散的能量(DIo/RC)则无明显变化。可见,对-羟基苯甲酸对东北山樱桃叶片光合结构的不同部位产生影响,进而降低光合性能,影响光合作用。     

The Alleviating Effect of Elevated CO2 on Heat Stress Susceptibility of Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

This study analysed the alleviating effect of elevated CO₂ on stress‐induced decreases in photosynthesis and changes in carbohydrate metabolism in two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) of different origin. The plants were grown in ambient (400 μl l^?1) and elevated (800 μl l^?1) CO₂ with a day/night temperature of 15/10 °C. At the growth stages of tillering, booting and anthesis, the plants were subjected to heat stress of 40 °C for three continuous days. Photosynthetic parameters, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (F_v/F_m) and contents of pigments and carbohydrates in leaves were analysed before and during the stress treatments as well as after 1 day of recovery. Heat stress reduced P_N and F_v/F_m in both wheat cultivars, but plants grown in elevated CO₂ maintained higher P_N and F_v/F_m in comparison with plants grown in ambient CO₂. Heat stress reduced leaf chlorophyll contents and increased leaf sucrose contents in both cultivars grown at ambient and elevated CO₂. The content of hexoses in the leaves increased mainly in the tolerant cultivar in response to the combination of elevated CO₂ and heat stress. The results show that heat stress tolerance in wheat is related to cultivar origin, the phenological stage of the plants and can be alleviated by elevated CO₂. This confirms the complex interrelation between environmental factors and genotypic traits that influence crop performance under various climatic stresses.     

禽腺病毒血清4型感染鸡组织中NLRP3基因转录水平的实时荧光定量PCR分析

旨在分析禽腺病毒血清4型（FAdV-4）感染鸡组织中NLRP3基因的转录水平,本研究设计鸡NLRP3特异性引物,利用RT-PCR扩增NLRP3基因180 bp片段并克隆至pMD-18T载体,制备重组质粒pMD-18T-NLRP3。以pMD-18T-NLRP3质粒作为标准品进行荧光定量PCR并建立标准曲线。通过反应条件优化,成功建立了检测NLRP3基因的实时荧光定量PCR方法,并利用该方法对致病性FAdV-4感染鸡组织中NLRP3基因的转录水平进行了分析。结果显示,所设计的NLRP3引物可特异性扩增鸡NLRP3基因,建立的实时荧光定量PCR对鸡NLRP3标准质粒的扩增曲线良好,标准品的拷贝数与Cq值呈现良好的线性关系。与对照组相比,NLRP3分子在FAdV-4感染鸡肝和脾中的转录水平极显著高于对照组（P<0.001）,在盲肠扁桃体和法氏囊的表达显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。本研究所建立的鸡NLRP3基因SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR可以检测FAdV-4感染鸡不同组织中NLRP3的转录水平;致病性FAdV-4感染所造成的组织炎症损伤与NLRP3分子密切相关。     

三种荒漠植物叶绿素荧光参数日变化特征

利用Photosynq MultiseQ多功能植物测量仪测定塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地3种主要防护林植物头状沙拐枣、多枝柽柳和梭梭的叶绿素荧光参数日变化,探讨其与环境因子的关系,以揭示3种植物对极端环境的适应策略,为沙漠公路防护林的管护提供理论依据。结果表明：1）3种土壤都呈碱性;0~30 cm土层中的电导率（EC）远高于30 cm以下的土层。1 m内梭梭土层中的含水量高于多枝柽柳高于头状沙拐枣。2）3种植物的光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶片温度和线性电子传递（LEF）及植物周围的大气温度日变化均先升后降,且都在14：00达到最高;而大气湿度、实际光化学效率Y_（II）日变化均呈‘V’型。3）PAR基本上与3种植物的LEF、非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）、调节性能量耗散量子产量Y_（NPQ）、非调节性能量耗散量子产量Y_（NO）呈显著正相关,与实际光化学效率Y_（II）呈显著负相关;3种植物的Y_（II）与Y_（NPQ）、Y_（NO） 均呈极显著负相关。3种植物的LEF、Y_（II）、Y_（NPQ）的日均值差异不显著,但梭梭与多枝柽柳的NPQ和Y_（NO）日均值差异显著。4）在3种植物的叶绿素荧光参数中,梭梭和头状沙拐枣的LEF、NPQ和Y_（II）要高于多枝柽柳;而多枝柽柳的Y_（NO）要显著高于头状沙拐枣和梭梭。因此,高温和高光均对3种植物造成了不同程度的影响,通过主成分分析表明,3种植物的抗逆性强弱顺序分别为梭梭>头状沙拐枣>多枝柽柳。